Trafficking Drugs, Weapons And Human Beings - 2147 Words

Trafficking Drugs, Weapons and Human Beings By Jack Myers Myers 2 Introduction The issues of trafficking drugs, weapons, and human beings have a significant impact on maritime industry due to the fact that all acts are being transported across the oceans. The need to stop this black market of trafficking across seas is on a rise. The hazards of the trafficking are becoming more and more dangerous. The reason why it is becoming more dangerous is due to the risk of the transporters are taking to get the drugs, weapons or human beings to get from point A to point B. The transporters if caught by authorities, depending on their home country can be anything from a single night in jail to being put to death. Due to the risk of penalty, this may put an extra motive to not get caught and will use force to get away at any cost. Theses traffickers are getting pay well or are forced by cartels, which often give them ultimatum that they kill their families if they do not complete the task. The stress from the cartels or the cash reward will make the traffickers put everyt hing on the line even their own lives. The trafficking of drugs, weapons and human beings are a serious problem on the maritime industry due to the dangerous actions taking by such traffickers. Affects of Trafficking The maritime industry can be affected in many ways. The traffickers can and will affect trade routes if come within their path, from just passing by other ships or passing certain areas ofShow MoreRelatedGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Global crime can be international drug smuggling operations, human trafficking, or international prostitution rings. Weapons trading are also a problem that exists all over the world. There are always concerns of rogue nations selling nuclear weapons to other nations that do not follow the guidelines of the world community. In the international community, human trafficking has become an issue that is spiraling out of control. The International Trafficking (2010) website cites that victims ofRead MoreDrug Trafficking Organizations And Drugs1296 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Trafficking Organizations â€Å"Imagine living in a place where you can kill anyone you wish and nothing happens except that they fall dead† (Morris 216). With drug trafficking organizations people in Mexico live in a world where this is part of their everyday lives. More than 16,600 deaths were attributed to drug trafficking in 2011 (Schedler 6). People live in a world like the Wild West where there seems to be no social control. This is a problem because innocent people are losing their lives overRead MoreEvaluation Of The United States1422 Words   |  6 PagesStates transport security is the illegal movement of contraband, persons, and smuggling of illicit drugs and weapons. Illegal contraband can be categorized as counterfeit products disguised to present and sold as a genuine article. These are mostly comprised of high priced designer products such as handbags, shoes, and articles of clothing. They can also include counterfeit over the counter (OTC) drugs such as Tylenol, allergy medications and cold and flu medications, either not available or not producedRead MoreModern Day Slavery : The Second Largest Organized Crime Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking, also known as modern day slavery is one of the most profitable organized crimes in the world. As indicated by Farr (2005), human trafficking is the third largest organized crime industry. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes estimate that profits from human trafficking is $32 billion every year. From that figure a little over $15 billion is made in more economically developed countries. Some researchers agree, however, that human trafficking will soon be more profitableRead Mor eNegative Effects Of Internet Monitoring1635 Words   |  7 Pages Internet Monitoring Weapons, Secrets, and Music, all of which are obtainable over the internet. All of which can have a dramatic effect on our society. Even though we have the 1st Amendment and gives us the right to free speech in the United States, it was drafted before the internet. The internet has become a gold mine of information, not to mention, anyone can make purchases over the internet from other countries. What about National Security? Many groups have committed all sorts of cyber-attacksRead MoreWar On Drugs : A Comparative Analysis Of Human Rights Violation1339 Words   |  6 PagesStahler-Sholk PLSC 367 07 April 2016 War on drugs or a war on people ? A comparative analysis of human rights violation in Latin America Ever since the War on Drugs campaign began there has been a more complex relationship between the U.S and Latin America. While the media portrays the U.S as providing aid to Latin America to combat such issues, the U.S is also seen as a victim in the war on drugs. Over the course of the war on drugs numerous human rights violations have been reported. In someRead MoreModern Day Slavery808 Words   |  3 Pagesexists something known as human Sex Trafficking. Some might refer to this as prostitution, or rather sex working, but really, the word sex trafficking teaches refers to the inhumane and unfathomably abusive ways of our society. The State of California’s department of Justice refers to Human Trafficking as â€Å"controlling a person through force, fraud, or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation, or both. The 2013 state ratings on Human Trafficking laws say that only 39 statesRead MoreChallenges Of Transnational Organized Crime1260 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagesdiscussing the challenges human trafficking, drug trafficking, corruption and bribes, and illegal logging. At the end of each of the organised crime security challenges, this essay will discuss how these challenges differ from traditional security threats. The traditional security paradigm is focused on physical and external security threats to states. It promotes that security should be state centred and national security is primary over other securities, such as human security. States must defendRead MoreThe Many Victims of Human Trafficking675 Words   |  3 Pageswomen and children are victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking is used for many purposes and benefits. Sex, forced labor and other forms of disgracing exploitation is dangerously happening worldwide. It’s necessary to know what the term trafficking means because it can be very misleading, trafficking places importance on the transaction aspect of a cruel crime, trafficking is more than described by the media. Enslavement is a word that can describe trafficking briefly and compactly, exploitationRead MoreMexico’s War on Drugs Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the smuggling of drugs by Mexican Cartels. There has been much violence due to this drug problem that has left many people near the border killed and is allowing more criminals to obtain these weapons. A lot of this attention goes to the U.S. because many of the weapons utilized in the â€Å"drug war† are U.S. made and is interfering with trading relations amongst both the U.S. and Mexico. With this current violent situation in Mexico this has transformed the flow of weapons to an even larger scale

The Morality of Sin and Nature - 902 Words

Classical literature can basely be divided into several stylistical altering movements, at times contradictions of one another, that have all at once developed the jagged path that has led us into the modern age. One of the most apparent of these contradictions in stylistic and philosophical viewpoints can be seen with the emergence of Transcendentalism, then Anti-Transcendentalism, which placed several key writers in the limelight of cultural criticism to varying degrees of success. The leaders of these literary milestones, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne, respectively, saw the worlds about them through entirely different lenses and thus deconstructed the fabrics of their reality to better suit these view-points. Though the movement would fall chiefly out of fashion, like with other movements before it, such as the true forms of the Romantic and Gothic movements in England, the classics remain, giving us a pattern of what, in exactly, the ideals were of both the Transcen dentalist movement as well as its counter. Unlike several other key movements of the centuries now past, the stylistic characteristics and overwhelming information about these groups, as well as their writing, allows a solid definition of each to be constructed. Transcendentalism, naturally the first of the two, was a form of idealism that revolved around man’s individualism and place within nature. God was found within the self, and the intuition was the weapon of the soul. One simply did notShow MoreRelatedHawthorne’s Use of Allegory1212 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounding his deathbed. He tells them namely in anger that all of them wear black veils: â€Å"I look around me, and, lo! on every visage a Black Veil!†. This declaration underlines the meanings of the veil in the story as symbolic of sin, darkness, and the duality within human nature. Thus, The Ministers Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a literary work of art that demonstrates the authors use of allegory to highlight the psychological angle of the story and characters. The Ministers Black VeilRead MoreFaustus as a Medieval Morality Play1603 Words   |  7 Pagesa Medieval Morality Play By K.Friedman Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus has been influenced by the conventions of a Medieval Morality play through Marlowe’s purely didactic use of the text to encourage Christian values. He uses various dramatised moral allegories that together encompass the themes of divided nature of man allegorised through the good and bad angels that demonstrate virtue and vice, alongside the concept of sin and degradation allegorised by the Seven Deadly Sins, the notionRead MoreHawthorne’s Use of Allegory1545 Words   |  7 Pagesdeathbed. Mr. Hooper tells them in anger that all of them wear black veils: â€Å"I look around me, and, lo! on every visage a Black Veil!† (Hawthorne). This declaration underlines the meanings of the veil in the story as symbolic of sin, darkness, and the duality within human nature. Thus, The Ministers Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a literary work of art that demonstrates the authors use of allegory to highlight the psychological angl e of the story and characters using agents of symbols, settingRead MoreMorality As Anti-Nature Essay747 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿MORALITY AS ANTI-NATURE TARGET AUDIENCE: 10TH GRADERS IN TOMAHAWK PURPOSE: TO SUMMARIZE Friedrich Nietzsche, a prominent German philosopher in the 19th century is one of the most well-read philosophers of the past two-centuries. His ideas regarding morality and nature continue to be discussed and debated to this day among scholars of all beliefs. All living things are given desires by nature. These desires exist as part of who we are. They define us in a way; they can aid us and theyRead MorePersonal Philosophy : An Organization Level Leader1734 Words   |  7 PagesMorality and ethics are two distinctive developments of a human being, whereby formation begins from childhood and is conveyed and honed throughout an individual’s lifetime. Morality and ethics shape an individual as they develop various understandings of how to relate to situations and dilemmas through their personal life experiences based on inputs from parents, family, experiences and organizations. To define my moral philosophy as an organizational level leader, I will first explain how my personalRead MoreHuman Nature Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is a sin to believe evil of others, but it is seldom a mistake.† -H.L Menckens From the moment they are born, humans have a naturally evil predisposition. Although the term ‘evil’ is difficult to define, there are various views on morality. The most commonly referenced one, Moral Objectivism, holds that moral standards are universally transcendent, and that certain acts are right or wrong independent of human subjectivity. It is by this unspoken moral code that humanity’s acts are judged. ThereRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : An Ethical Theory1217 Words   |  5 Pagesand, by extension, if God forbids an action, it is immoral. I was raised with the teachings of the Bible being used to show me the separation between right and wrong – between God’s will and man’s sinful desires. I always accepted that my sense of morality was set on the bedrock of the holy Scriptures – the Ten Commandments, the teachings of Jesus, the epistles in the New Testament and more. At first pass, when I learned of the Divine Command Theory, it made sense to me. Yet I was soon confronted byRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown Symbolism Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesrest of his days as an unhappy man. When reading â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, you come across many examples of symbolism relating to Goodman’s relationship with God, portrayed by the use of color and light, nature and its surroundings, and innocence and morality. Faith wears a pink ribbon the night Goodman leaves his house to venture into the forest. Her pink ribbon symbolizes a childlike innocence. When Goodman meets the devil, he sees Faith’s pink ribbon fluttering downRead MoreMorality And Where Is All Common Ground On Where Augustine s Views On Natural Desires And Free Will1153 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of the concept of morality in Augustine reveals questions facing humankind: what is morality and where is it based. This is the common theme throughout Augustine’s writings, he seem to struggle with making the right choices. His natural desires tend to take over whenever he comes to tough decision. Throughout this paper we will be analyzing this theme, to see if we can come to some common ground on where Augustine stood and what he had to say on the issue. First let’s analyze Augustine’sRead MoreMorality And Tolerance Paper :1610 Words   |  7 PagesMorality and Tolerance Paper 1 Every person is born with a moral compass, the knowledge of right and wrong. As we grow and experience life, we get to choose what we believe is right and wrong. This becomes the foundation of your life; it’s why we do what we do. And as every person grows up and discovers his or her own principles, it’s easy to meet a person with different values, especially as Christians. But why should you, or anyone care about morality and the problems involved with tolerance?

Logoplaste Free Essays

Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Faculdade de Ciencias Economicas Empresariais Corporate Strategy Unilever’s ice cream brand Portfolio Students: Maria Ines Galhardo, n? 150106011 Claudia Filipe, n? 150106026 Ricardo Lloret, n? 150106111 Joana Rodrigues dos Santos, n? 150106123 Diogo Sousa, n? 150106125 In order to draw the BCG matrix, we started by collecting some data. Based on the Datamonitor Market Report 2006 (appendix 1), we were able to calculate the total ice cream’s market value of 2008.We made the choice to do the work for the year 2008 because the present year has not already ended. We will write a custom essay sample on Logoplaste or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus it was only possible to calculate estimated values for 2008. Market value: (212. 8-161)/4 = 12. 95 million per year 161 + (12. 95*2) = 186. 9 million in 2008 With the objective of studying Unilever’s principal products, we had to take into account Nestle (Unilever’s biggest competitor). We chose one equal competitor for each group of ice creams we thought were more important (appendix 2). Among all ice creams of Unilever, we focused on the ones that had a direct competitor in Nestle.This is why we did not choose Carte D’or or Solero, we thought that its competitors were not as obvious as the others. We assumed then that the market shares from Unilever and Nestle were the same as in 2006 (appendix 3). These values will enable us to estimate market values for each company and afterwards to calculate market shares and values for each product. We determined the division of the market in four segments: Super premium, Premium, Regular and Economy. The segments were chosen according to a price/quality ratio for each product we took into account (Appendix 4).The different market shares for each segment were estimated assuming that the super premium products would be a market niche with a small part of the market; the premium would be the most part and regular and economy would have similar market shares but smaller. Then, we estimated also proportions for the different products we took into account. Both Unilever and Nestle have 2 different market shares since we assumed that they value different products in different segments. The percentages are Unilever Economy 20% Super premium 5% Regular 15% Premium 60%The premium segment was divided in three different products with different proportions for Unilever and Nestle. Considering that we only studied one product in some segments, we considered the whole segment share for these ones and for the regular we regarded as to have other ice creams besides Calippo that we did not include (we took them into account as â€Å"others†). 3 Unilever – Premium Viennetta 17% Cornetto 43% Magnum 40% Nestle – Premium Tarte Carolina 19% Nestle 43% Extreme 38% Trough the division of the market, we were able to attribute to each product the market share inside its own company.Splitting the different segments, we multiplied the total percentage of the segment to the share of each product inside this segment (Appendix 5). For the growth of each product, we assumed values based on the growth of each segment (Appendix 6). Finally, to calculate the relative mark et shares, we had to divide Unilever’s market share for each product by Nestle’s market share for the respective competitor (Appendix 7). 4 5 Unilever Brand Portfolio: ? Cornetto – It is a premium product that is present in most of the restaurants and cafes in Portugal. Cornetto is a cash cow and yours best seller and that is why we did not consider having a big growth rate. We assumed that this ice cream is already in the desired place in the market for Unilever. Therefore the investments are not very high and it has a big return. ? Magnum – This represents the second best product of your company, also premium and with high sales. However, it is a relatively young brand, only created in 1990, that needs a higher investment than Cornetto to establish itself in the market.Strong investments in new products like the temptations or limited editions like 7 sins and marketing communication plans make this brand a star. ? Viennetta – This is a premium product only sold in restaurants and supermarkets therefore its market share isn’t very big. Although the brand is old and as a take home product it is very popular, not many people buy Viennetta because the take home ice cream market is smaller and most of the purchases are impulse. According to the case study on â€Å"Global ice cream:Nestle goes on attack†, the premium segment is growing up to 3% and since this brand is known by everybody there isn’t a great need to spend many resources on it. Occasional new flavors were added, however without great success. Still, it is a cash cow and therefore a good product because of its growth rate. ? Kids – This category integrates all the children directed products of your company, such as Perna de Pau, Super Maxi, Epa and Mini-Milk, which are cheap products specially directed to children with high levels of milk and calcium.It belongs to the economic segment, therefore, also according to the article mentioned above, the market growth is almost static. In this segment the competition is stronger, because Nestl e makes associations with known brands such as Smarties and Kit Kat, appealing to kid’s attention. The strong 6 investment that the competitors make on this category justifies why Ola is not the leader in it, making it a Dog but still having recent investments and trying to have a bigger market share. Calippo – This product represents the water-based products on your company, it is quite old and there is little differentiation between it and its competitors because there isn’t much space to evolve and innovate, therefore people won’t see significant differences between the value of each brand. There is small investment in this brand and low revenues, and since it is integrated in the regular ice cream segment its growth is small or even static, thus making it a dog also. Ben Jerry’s – This is your offer regarding the Super-Premium market segment, with high quality, high price ice creams with different flavors and colorful presentations. This brand is not yet very well-known and has a low market share because it targets a small market and it is yet in a phase of brand recognition. The company has to spend a lot of money in marketing campaigns to make the brand recognized by everyone and also in the research to find new flavors.According to the case study this market segment is expected to grow up to 6% and all this makes this brand a question mark or a problematic child. One problem for this brand in Portugal is that it is mainly sold in Ben and Jerry’s own stores, which are not many and being a recent brand it is difficult to make people know the locations of the stores. Brand Portfolio Recommendations: According to the BCG matrix your brand portfolio is well balanced, due to you having products in the different quadrants and in different stages of the lifecycle.Magnum, Cornetto and Viennetta are very profitable brands that support the less profitable brands of your company. However, it is not recommended to drop the other brands because your company needs to be 7 present in every segment in order to compete. This will increase brand awareness and reach more customers. Having this in mind, instead of decreasing any brands, you should increase some and adjust others. ? In addition we believe that your company should include low fat products directed to people that want to enjoy ice cream but don’t want the downsides of it. By providing these low caloric and low fat products your company will be covering an important segment that are the women, that according to the Key Note (page 53) are greater ice cream consumers than man, with increasingly focus on image not only in terms of self esteem but also on professional and personal related matters. Ben Jerry’s should create a new range of products with some versions of their best sellers in a low caloric way trying to maintain their original flavor. The other brands should adopt the same strategy and create at least one product with less calories. You should increase Ben Jerry’s market share and brand recognition to transform this problematic child in a star product. An idea can be to create a version of their ice cream for impulse consuming, perhaps adopting a similar format to the magnum ice cream (ice cream on stick) and include this brand in the Ola selling points, thus reaching more consumers. ? Your companies’ Kids segment is no t very well positioned and it is not the market leader. To change this situation it would be a good idea to arrange partnerships with other companies, such as confectionery brands and cartoon enterprises. You could create a partnership with known confectionery brands like Kinder because it will benefit from the other company’s brand recognition with little effort and reach this market segment with better arguments to compete with Nestle. 8 ? On the other hand the company should make a research every six month to determine which are the more popular cartoons at the moment and create a new product that offers prizes related to those cartoons. The basic product should be a high calcium ice cream that changes its packaging and prizes according to the research results.By doing this you will be captivating children’s attention that most of the time is only directed to the appearance and also their parents because you are offering an ice cream that is good for the kid’s health and growth. ? To access the Portuguese market it a good idea to create a new brand that sells ice cream with the flavors of some of the better recognized typical sweets in Portugal, such as â€Å" doce d’ovos†, â€Å"arroz doce† and â€Å"pastel de nata†. This brand would be sold as a premium product in restaurants and supermarkets. Another idea to increase your brand portfolio is to create specifically 18+ products with alcoholic beverage flavors such as vodka, whisky and baileys with special focus on a regional beverage that is Oporto wine that is typically Portuguese. This product should be premium or superpremium and it should be sold not only on the usual channels such as fancy restaurants and supermarkets but also in bars and summer discos. 9 Appendixes Appendix 1 2006 Market Value Growth Market share Source: Datamonitor Market Report 2006 2011 212,8 million 5,7% (2006-2011) 53,9% 161 million 4,3%Appendix 2 Unilever Ben and Jerry’s Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Outros Nestle Nestle Gelataria Nestle Extreme Tarte Carolina Pirulo Kids Outros Appendix 3 Unilever Market share Market value 0,56 Nestle 0,13 186900000 104664000 24297000 10 Appendix 4 Segments Super Premium Premium Products Ben and Jerry’s Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Regular Economic Calippo Ola kids Appendix 5 Unilever Market Share Amount of Sales (â‚ ¬) 5,00% 5. 233. 200 24,00% 25. 119. 360 25,80% 27. 003. 312 10,20% 10. 675. 728 5,00% 5. 233. 200 20,00% 20. 932. 800 10,00% 10. 466. 400 100,00% 104. 664. 000Ben and Jerry’s Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Outros Total Nestle Market share Amount of Sales (â‚ ¬) 8,00% 1. 943. 760 23,65% 5. 746. 240,5 20,90% 5. 078. 073 10,45% 2. 539. 036,5 6,00% 1. 457. 820 23,00% 5. 588. 310 8,00% 1. 943. 760 100% 24. 297. 000 Nestle Gelataria Nestle Extreme Tarte Carolina Pirulo Kids Outros Total 11 Appendix 6 Super Premium Premium Regular Economy Market Growth 6% 3% 1,50% 1,50% Source: Datamonitor Market Report 2006 Appendix 7 Relative Market share Ben and Jerry’s Magnum Cornetto Viennetta Calippo Kids Mean 0,63 1,01 1,23 0,98 0,83 0,87 0. 93 Market Growth 5,30% 2,90% 1,67% 1,90% 0,93% 1. 63% 2. 37% 12 How to cite Logoplaste, Papers

Arab Israeli Wars Essay Example For Students

Arab Israeli Wars Essay Sincethe United Nations partition of PALESTINE in 1947 andthe establishment of the modern state of ISRAEL in 1948,there have been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49,1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerous intermittent battles. Although Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty in 1979,hostility between Israel and the rest of its Arab neighbors,complicated by the demands of Palestinian Arabs, continuedinto the 1980s. THE FIRST PALESTINE WAR (1947-49)The first war began as a civil conflict between PalestinianJews and Arabs following the United Nationsrecommendation of Nov. 29, 1947, to partition Palestine,then still under British mandate, into an Arab state and aJewish state. Fighting quickly spread as Arab guerrillasattacked Jewish settlements and communication links toprevent implementation of the UN plan. Jewish forcesprevented seizure of most settlements, but Arab guerrillas,supported by the Transjordanian Arab Legion under thecommand of British officers, besieged Jerusalem. By April,Haganah, the principal Jewish military group, seized theoffensive, scoring victories against the Arab Liberation Armyin northern Palestine, Jaffa, and Jerusalem. British militaryforces withdrew to Haifa; although officially neu tral, somecommanders assisted one side or the other. After the Britishhad departed and the state of Israel had been established onMay 15, 1948, under the premiership of DavidBEN-GURION, the Palestine Arab forces and foreignvolunteers were joined by regular armies of Transjordan(now the kingdom of JORDAN), IRAQ, LEBANON, andSYRIA, with token support from SAUDI ARABIA. Effortsby the UN to halt the fighting were unsuccessful until June11, when a 4-week truce was declared. When the Arabstates refused to renew the truce, ten more days of fightingerupted. In that time Israel greatly extended the area underits control and broke the siege of Jerusalem. Fighting on asmaller scale continued during the second UN trucebeginning in mid-July, and Israel acquired more territory,especially in Galilee and the Negev. By January 1949, whenthe last battles ended, Israel had extended its frontiers byabout 5,000 sq km (1,930 sq mi) beyond the 15,500 sq km(4,983 sq mi) allocated to the Jewish state in the UNpartition resolution. It had also secured its independence. During 1949, armistice agreements were signed under UNauspices between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Syria, andLebanon. The armistice frontiers were unofficial boundariesuntil 1967. SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956) Border conflictsbetween Israel and the Arabs continued despite provisions inthe 1949 armistice agreements for peace negotiations. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs who had leftIsraeli-held territory during the first war concentrated inrefugee camps along Israels frontiers and became a majorsource of friction when they infiltrated back to their homes orattacked Israeli border settlements. A major tension pointwas the Egyptian-controlled GAZA STRIP, which was usedby Arab guerrillas for raids into southern Israel. Egyptsblockade of Israeli shipping in the Suez Canal and Gulf ofAqaba intensified the hostilities. These escalating tensionsconverged with the SUEZ CRISIS caused by thenationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian presidentGamal NASSER. Great Britain and France strenuouslyobjected to Nassers policies, and a joint military campaignwas planned against Egypt with the understanding that Israelwould take the initiative by seizing the Sinai Peninsula. Thewar began on Oct. 29, 1956, after an announcement that thearmies of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan were to be integratedunder the Egyptian commander in chi ef. Israels OperationKadesh, commanded by Moshe DAYAN, lasted less than aweek; its forces reached the eastern bank of the Suez Canalin about 100 hours, seizing the Gaza Strip and nearly all theSinai Peninsula. The Sinai operations were supplemented byan Anglo-French invasion of Egypt on November 5, givingthe allies control of the northern sector of the Suez Canal. .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .postImageUrl , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:hover , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:visited , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:active { border:0!important; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:active , .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6 .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ad8974edc1a281fbfa68e3aa5d3fdb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kant: The Universal Law Formation Of The Categorical Imperative EssayThe war was halted by a UN General Assembly resolutioncalling for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of alloccupying forces from Egyptian territory. The GeneralAssembly also established a United Nations EmergencyForce (UNEF) to replace the allied troops on the Egyptianside of the borders in Suez, Sinai, and Gaza. By December22 the last British and French troops had left Egypt. Israel,however, delayed withdrawal, insisting that it receive securityguarantees against further Egyptian attack. After severaladditional UN resolutions calling for withdrawal and afterpressure from the United States, Israels for ces left in March1957. SIX-DAY WAR (1967) Relations between Israeland Egypt remained fairly stable in the following decade. TheSuez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping, the Arabboycott of Israel was maintained, and periodic borderclashes occurred between Israel, Syria, and Jordan. However, UNEF prevented direct military encountersbetween Egypt and Israel. By 1967 the Arab confrontationstatesEgypt,

Development of a Token Economy

Introduction Carr et al (2005) define a token economy as a treatment procedure that makes use the principles of operant conditioning. Gross Drabman (2005, p.107) on the other hand defines a token economy as an in class, sometimes intensive reinforcement program used by teachers and instructors to maintain performance and behavior in the classroom.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Token Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Barkley (1990, p. 46) asserts that a token economy is a system that is used in behavior modification by employing positive reinforcements of target behavior on students. Liberman (2000, p. 156) on his part adopts a more layman definition of token economies by alluding that they are programs through which students who may be individuals or entire classrooms use to accumulate points for showing desired behavior. He continues that the students will then later redeem the points accumulated for preferred activities or privileges. The above definitions have adopted different disciplines from which the meaning of a token economy has been derived. However, one thing is clear, that token economies are used to improve behaviors on the people they are used on through the introduction of positive reinforcement. It’s important to note that token economies are based on the generalized conditioned reinforcement principle. Carr et al (2005, p. 2) says that token economies are primarily used to increase and maintain appropriate or expected behaviors among students. An important element about token economy that is normally overlooked is the response cost procedure where children lose the points they have accumulated incase they engage in inappropriate behavior. This paper will focus on an elaborate token economy plan that will include the target population, the required behaviors list of reinforcements and token costs for each menu, the tokens themselves and the mode of storage of the tokens. Plan.  Target population Token economies are used on a variety of populations and under very varying circumstances. However, this token economy plan is targeting children with learning disabilities.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They include children diagnosed with disabilities such as conduct disorder, mental retardation, autism and attention deficit disorder. It’s important to note that a token economy system is implemented when other positive reinforcement methods have failed to produce to produce appropriate behavior in children. Identification and definition of target behaviors The teacher will choose two to four most important behaviors that he /she feels are problematic and that need change. According to Carr et al (2005, p. 1) the teacher will target behaviors that are reasonable in number besides being observable and relevant to the children’s goals in education. The teacher will ensure children will be able to perform the chosen behaviors and they should be easily monitored by the teachers. The behaviors should be positively stated in a chart that can be accessed by every student. Examples of behaviors may include â€Å"completed home assignment in time†, â€Å"was early for class†, â€Å"and â€Å"observed class rules†. The teacher will be free to choose either classroom related targeted behaviors to increase productivity and conduct related behaviors or both. Some of the required behaviors that are written positively are shown below. â€Å"Turned in homework on time† â€Å"Obeyed class rules† â€Å"Played well with the other children† â€Å"Was prepared for class† â€Å"Percentage of math completed† â€Å"Percentage of accurately completed reading† Adopted from: O’Leary, K. O’Leary, S. (1976). Classroom Management: The succ essful use of behavioral modification. New York: Pergamon Press. Token selection The teacher will select and avail tokens, which will be tangible items to which some value is attached. They may be points, coupons or poker chips that will be tamper proof and durable. Every goal will have a token value and will be assigned according to the difficulty of the goal to be attained.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Token Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teachers will also have to come up with a way of awarding partial achievement of goals by the students. It important for teachers not to use highly valued tokens since the tokens will later on be given up for positive reinforcements. Formulation of a method to help in keeping track of points and / or tokens The teacher will develop a program of tracking the tokens or points accumulated by every student. That way both the teacher and the child wil l be able to easily monitor the progress of the child. In cases where the tokens will be physical gifts like stars and stamps, it will be important for the teacher to place them out of reach of children to avoid unnecessary distraction. Selection of powerful reinforcements The teacher will select powerful rewards that children will get in return for their accumulated tokens. Filcheck Mcneil (2004, p. 94) says that the power and effectiveness of a token lies in its reward value. At this stage, it’s important for teachers to realize that the rewards or reinforcements will be crucial for the success of the token economy program. The teachers will also make sure that the children perceive the rewards as desirable and worth striving for. Furthermore, they will make sure the reward system menu is updated every time so that children don’t lose attention and interest. It’s important if teachers will involve children is selecting reward systems through discussion and ob servation. Additionally, parents may be involved in suggesting the activities that the children favor so that they can be included in the reward system. The table below shows some of the reinforcements that can be used in system. * Access to hand held video games * Free time in class * Computer time * Small toys * Field Trips * Working on a bulletin board * Being in charge of sharing time * Passing out books * Acting as a line leader * Leading in the morning pledge to the flag * Leading songs * Being captain of a team * Helping in the cafeteria * Assisting the custodian * Helping the librarian * Snacks * Extra Recess time * Playing Games * Playing Computer games like Jumpstart Programs * Legos * Art Projects * Access to science area * Helping collect work of others * Erasing the chalkboard * Running the copy machine * Stapling papers together * Feeding the fish or animals * Raising or lowering the flag * Emptying the wastebaskets * Operating a projector * Correcting papers * Givi ng message over the intercom * Cutting paper * Running errands * Helping in the school office * Cleaning erasers * Writing lesson plans on the chalkboard * Watering plants * Tutoring a less able child * Collecting papers * Getting out the gym equipment * Taking roll * Working with clay * Listening to a radio with an earphone * Visiting the counselor or principal Adopted from: O’Leary, K. O’Leary, S. (1976). Classroom Management: The successful use of behavioral modification. New York: Pergamon Press.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Establishment of the system of exchange The teacher will establish a system that will guide who gets what for the tokens accumulated. This process will entail the teacher identifying the every goal and assigning the token value that the children will have to work for to get a reward. According to Liberman (2000, p. 160) initially the teacher will have to set the goals at a level that is easily achievable. If the goal is set to high then it risks creating a perception among students that it’s not achievable effectively diminishing the importance of the system. It’s therefore for the teacher to monitor the performance of every student and setting the goals slightly above the baseline of the average performance level of the child. The logic here is to make the child believe that he/she is achieving success hence it will motivate him/her to do more. Explanation to the children The teacher will explain to the children what the program entails at a time appropriate for both the teacher and the student. The teacher will elaborate to the children of the behaviors that are expected and how they can be achieved. The teacher will also inform the students of the goals that the students will have to achieve for them to get the rewards. Additionally the teacher will reveal the rewards to the students at this stage. Provision of feedback The teacher will decide the mode of token allocation. For instance, he/ she may decide to allocate tokens for every occurrence of the expected behavior. Additionally, the tokens can be awarded by the teacher and predetermined intervals. At this stage, consistency and accuracy in awarding target behaviors will be important. Additionally, the teacher will be encouraged to use praise and frequent social attention every time children achieve the desired behaviors. At this stage, the response cost technique can be employed. Here children who will misbehave or fail to meet the proscribed behaviors will lose tokens hence will not be a ble to claim the reinforcements. Gross Drabman (2005, p.115) says that it’s important that the response costs technique to be applied after the programs has run for some time to avoid discouragement of the children. Rewarding The teacher will specify in the plan the time when reviewing of the children’s progress towards the goal will be made. The teacher will determine if the child or students met the goals and the children will be allowed to choose the reward that they want according to the available guideline. If the children did not achieve the goals, the teacher will inform them in a â€Å"matter of fact† way. However, the teacher will need to abstain from making corrective statements or statements that will reprimand the student. Maintainace programming Carrr et al (2005) says that the token economy system is very artificial and it has to withdrawn at some point. The teacher will analyze if there is any improvement in the behavior of the child as per the b enchmarks he/she set. In case there is improvement and withdrawal of the token economy process becomes necessary, Gross Drabman (2005, p.120) recommends that there be a program in place to help the children maintain the behavior that they could have learned during the token economy program. The most common way to change the program is to increase the number of token required for reward to be earned. For instance, if a child was allowed to accumulate tokens several times in one day, the frequency can be reduced to once a day as the behavior improves. Another way to change the program is to substitute new problem behaviors as need be. The teacher will introduce new problems to which he/she will require the students to accumulate the same number of tokens or less. It’s important that the teacher praises the child for the progress he/she has made when making the changes. The teacher will also need to explain to the children the need for change and the expectations as per the new changes. References Barkley, R.A. (1990) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guilford. Carr E.J et al (2005). Token Economy. New York: Sage Publications Filcheck, H. A McNeil, C.B. (2004) The use of token economies in preschool classrooms: practical and philosophical concerns. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 1, 94-104. Gross, A.M Drabman, R.S. (2005) Encyclopedia of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy – Volume 2: Child clinical applications. Los Angeles: Sage Publications Liberman, R.P. (2000) The token economy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1398. This essay on Development of a Token Economy was written and submitted by user Luciano O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Essays - Literature

The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Essays - Literature The Grieving Process of Holden Caulfield Everyone has a different response to traumatic events and come up with different ways of coping with the emotions that go along with it. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield embodies several stages of the grieving process. The main ones consistently seen throughout the novel include anger, denial and depression. He displays these stages through his actions and especially through his words. He progresses through the stages beginning with anger and then leading into a combination of denial and depression. The stage of depression hits Holden the hardest, with his mental state getting worse and worse as time goes on. Towards the end of the novel he has hit his lowest point and essentially spiraled out of control. However, by the very end of the novel he seems to be nearing the stage of acceptance slightly. The first stage that Holden appears to have gone through is anger. This stage hit him very quickly, and began the night that Allie died. Holden explains how he was so upset that he decided to sleep in the garage and then out of anger and sadness ends up breaking all the windows in the garage. "I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it. I even tried to break all the windows on the station wagon we had that summer, but my hand was already broken and everything by that time, and I couldn't do it," (Salinger 44). This was Holden's way of dealing with Allie's death. He lashed out and couldn't accept the fact that his brother was gone. This led his parents to begin to worry about him and his reaction to Allie's death. Holden even mentions that they were considering having him psychoanalyzed due to the incident and all the damage he had caused. This event also caused even bigger problems for Holden in the long run becau se he never attended Allie's funeral. He was stuck in the hospital and never got to go and say his goodbyes. So he never got any closure with Allie's death, leading him to continue through the stages of the grieving process. It leads him to remain in denial at Allie's death and pushes him to become more and more depressed. The next stage that Holden goes through is denial. This is one of the stages that is very apparent throughout the novel and kind of goes hand in hand with the depression stage. It is made obvious that Holden has not accepted Allie's death due to the numerous times that Holden says he still pretends Allie is there and has conversations with him. He uses the idea of Allie as sort of a protector and someone he could turn to when he was scared or just needed someone to talk to. This is exemplified when Holden is becoming extremely depressed and fearing that every time he crossed the road he wouldn't make it to the other side: Every time I'd get to the end of a block I'd make believe I was talking to my brother Allie. I'd say to him, Allie, don't let me disappear. Allie, don't let me disappear. Allie, don't let me disappear. Please, Allie. And then when I'd reach the other side of the street without disappearing, I'd thank him. Then it would start all over again as soon as I got to the next corner. But I kept going and all. I was sort of afraid to stop, I think - I don't remember, to tell you the truth. (Salinger 218) Holden becomes so entrenched in believing that he's speaking to Allie that it helps him to make it across the street. However, this shows how deeply he has fallen into this world of depression and the degree of how much he's still in denial over Allie's death. Another instance that Holden displays the denial of Allie's death is when he returns home to talk to Phoebe. She asks him to name one thing he actually likes and he fails to think of anything other than Allie. It's like Holden's entire world still revolves

Drama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Drama - Research Paper Example The theatrical form requires that even the audience in the last row catch the emotion expressed by the actor without it being rendered awkward due to the element of exaggeration involved. This is the context where physical acting can save the occasion. Also, physical action involves movement that can be weaved into the movement of the plot of the play itself to bring about a kind of doubled impact. Simon McBurney categorized human behavior into seven levels of tension, namely, coma, relaxed, neutral, alert, suspense, passionate and explosion so that there can be a level of standardisation on how the actor can express emotions in the form of physical actions on stage. Stanislavski on the other hand had much earlier developed the method of physical actions by which an actor supplements his/her emotional acting with corresponding physical actions. Both these approaches to physical acting have been lauded as systems that immensely help methodical acting yet criticized as well as constrictive to the real spirit of the total emotional experience involved. This has been a criticism raised against all kinds of physical theater. Yet, even the critics will agree that relying on facial expressions and internal feelings alone will render theater motionless and boring. While Stanislavski has more or less tried to provide just a physical actions-based loose framework corresponding to emotio nal states, the McBurney method prescribes specific physical actions for different emotions and thereby faces the risk of reductionism. Hence, Stanislavskys method of physical actions can be said to be imparting more freedom to an actor than McBurneys method. Method of physical actions was not merely a directive of physical training for Stanislavsky but the the psychological aspects of any physical action was also accounted for in this method (Chushkin, 1998, p.16). It was acknowledged by this theater maestro that the actor necessarily needed to have an â€Å"inner